Sōjutsu 槍術: The Japanese Spear Martial Art

El Sojutsu (槍術), or "spear techniques," is one of the oldest and most essential martial disciplines of feudal Japan. This practice arose in response to the need of samurai warriors to engage enemies in battle formations, where long-range weapons offered significant advantages. The spear, or half (槍), became a symbol of versatility and effectiveness in combat, being key in the evolution of Japanese military tactics.

Unlike the sword, which acquired cultural and spiritual symbolism, the spear was an eminently practical weapon. It was used both on foot and on horseback, and its techniques, known as Sōjutsu, were taught as part of the essential training of samurai.

The use of spears in Japan dates back to the Yayoi period (300 BC-300 AD), when they were used as hunting and defense tools. However, Sōjutsu as a martial art developed during the Kamakura period (1185-1333), with the introduction of more organized combat tactics. During the Sengoku period (1467-1615), spears took on a predominant role on the battlefield, being used by both samurai and ashigaru (foot soldiers).

The yari's popularity grew due to its ability to keep the enemy at a distance, destabilise formations and strike with lethal force from a safe position. This made Sōjutsu an essential skill for warriors of the time.

With the arrival of peace in the Edo period (1603-1868), the practical use of yari decreased, and Sōjutsu was transformed into a martial discipline focused on personal development, tradition and technical perfection.

El half The yari is one of the most versatile and practical weapons of feudal Japan. Its simple yet ingenious design made it an indispensable tool for warriors on the battlefield, allowing them to adapt to various tactical situations. Although there are multiple types of yari, they all share common characteristics that made them highly effective.

Types of yari according to their design

The yari evolved to fulfill different roles, and its design varied according to tactical needs and warrior preferences:

1. Sankaku-yari (三角槍):
   This type has a triangular blade with three sharp edges, designed specifically for piercing armor. Its shape concentrated the force of the impact on a single point, making it ideal against well-protected enemies.

2. Jumonji-yari (十文字槍):
   With a straight main blade and two cross-shaped side blades, this yari was particularly effective at hooking, slashing, and disarming opponents. Its versatile design made it useful in both offensive and defensive combat.

3. Hoko-yari (鉾槍):
   This older design, with a wider, flatter blade, was used for both cutting and thrusting. Although less common during the Sengoku period, its versatility was appreciated in individual combat.

4. Omi-yari (大身槍):
   An extremely long yari, often up to 6 metres, used in infantry formations. This design allowed it to keep enemies at a great distance.

5. Kama-yari (鎌槍):
   Yari with an additional curved blade, similar to a sickle. This design made it ideal for hooking and disarming.

1. Eri (穂): The blade of the spear, which can be straight or have specific shapes such as cross blades (jumonji-yari) or triangle (sankaku yari).
2. Saki (先): The tip of the blade, designed to penetrate armor and cause deep wounds.
3. Kusari (鎖): Some spears included chains at the base, offering close-range attack options.
4. Nagaye (長柄): The wooden shaft, usually made of Japanese oak, which provides strength and flexibility.
5. Ishizuki (石突): The metal tip at the opposite end of the blade, used to stabilize the spear or as an offensive tool.

The yari was notable for its length, which varied between 2 and 6 meters, depending on its purpose on the battlefield.

Sōjutsu focuses on a combination of offensive and defensive movements, designed to maximize the reach and versatility of the yari. Among the most important techniques are:

• Tsuki (突き): Quick, precise stabs targeting the enemy's weak points, such as the neck or joints.
• Nage (投げ): Spears thrown with force to neutralize enemies at a distance.
• Harai (払い): Horizontal sweeps to destabilize the opponent or knock him down.
• Kiri (切り): Cuts made with the side edge of the yari, when the blade allows it.
• Uke (受け): Defensive techniques to deflect enemy attacks.

Sōjutsu teaches not only individual movements, but also group tactics. Yari formations were common in battles, allowing soldiers to protect each other while advancing towards the enemy. Teamwork was essential, and techniques were designed to fit these strategies.

Sōjutsu has been passed down through generations in various traditional schools, many of which still exist today. Each school brings a unique approach, adapted to the needs of its time:

1. Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū
   One of the oldest schools, it teaches Sōjutsu techniques along with other arts such as kenjutsu and naginatajutsu.

2. Hozoin-ryu Takada-ha
   This school is known for its techniques with jumonji-yari (cross-shaped spears), which offer versatility in both attack and defense.

3. Ono-ha Itto-ryu
   Although best known for kenjutsu, she includes Sōjutsu as an integral part of her training.

4. Yagyū Shinkage-ryū
   Samurai school that adapts spear techniques to a more defensive and strategic style.

5. Kashima Shintō-ryū
   Famous for its focus on spirituality and strategy, it teaches the use of the yari as an extension of the warrior spirit.

Organizations like Bujinkan y Genbukan They have integrated Sōjutsu techniques into their repertoire, preserving this art for contemporary practitioners. The continuity of Sōjutsu demonstrates its historical and cultural relevance.

Sōjutsu is a reminder of the Japanese warrior's ability to adapt and evolve. Beyond its practical use in battle, it represents dedication to technical perfection and respect for tradition.

Today, Sōjutsu is studied by both martial artists and historians seeking to understand the tactics and strategies of feudal Japan. Its legacy lives on in traditional schools, cultural representations, and the global fascination with Japanese martial arts.